|
The Carnation Revolution ((ポルトガル語:Revolução dos Cravos)), also referred to as the 25 April (), was initially a military coup in Lisbon, Portugal, on 25 April 1974 which overthrew the regime of the Estado Novo. The revolution started as a military coup organized by the ''Armed Forces Movement'' (), composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but the movement was soon coupled with an unanticipated and popular campaign of civil resistance. This movement would lead to the fall of the Estado Novo and the withdrawal of Portugal from its African colonies and East Timor. The name "Carnation Revolution" comes from the fact that almost no shots were fired and when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship and war in the colonies, carnations were put into the muzzles of rifles and on the uniforms of the army men. In Portugal, the 25th of April is a national holiday, known as ''Freedom Day'' (), to celebrate the event. ==Overview== Portugal had been run by an authoritarian dictatorship (the ''Estado Novo'', or "New State"), which has frequently been called Fascist, for over four decades. These events effectively changed the government into a democracy, and produced enormous social, economic, territorial, demographic, and political changes in the country, after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (''Processo Revolucionário Em Curso'', or ''On-Going Revolutionary Process''), characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. Despite repeated appeals from the revolutionaries on the radio asking the population to stay home, thousands of Portuguese descended on the streets, mixing with the military insurgents. The military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War in which thousands of Portuguese citizens had been conscripted into military service, and replacing the ''Estado Novo'' regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms. It started as a professional class〔 (Cronologia: Movimento dos capitães ), Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, University of Coimbra〕 protest of Portuguese Armed Forces captains against a decree law: the ''Dec Lei nº 353/73'' of 1973.〔 (Arquivo Electrónico: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho ), Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, University of Coimbra〕〔 A group of Portuguese low-ranking officers organised in the Armed Forces Movement (''MFA – Movimento das Forças Armadas''), including elements who had been fighting the pro-independence guerrillas in the Portuguese empire's territories in Africa,〔Manuel Amaro Bernardo, (Guerra, Paz e Fuzilamentos dos Guerrilheiros )〕 rose to overthrow the ''Estado Novo'' regime that had ruled Portugal since the 1930s. Portugal's new regime pledged itself to end the colonial wars and began negotiations with the African independence movements. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops had been withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter had become a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in 1975. The Carnation Revolution in Portugal also led to Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in Southeast Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees—the ''retornados''.〔(Flight from Angola ), The Economist (16 August 1975).〕〔(Dismantling the Portuguese Empire ), Time Magazine (Monday, 7 July 1975).〕 Although the regime's political police, PIDE, killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was unusual in that the revolutionaries did not use direct violence to achieve their goals. Holding red carnations (''cravos'' in Portuguese), many people joined revolutionary soldiers on the streets of Lisbon, in apparent joy and audible euphoria.〔(Cheers, Carnations and Problems ), Time Magazine (May. 13, 1974)〕 Red is a symbolic color for socialism and communism, which were the main ideological tendencies of many anti-New State insurgents.〔Stewart Lloyd-Jones, ISCTE (Lisbon), (Portugal's history since 1974 ), "The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP–Partido Comunista Português), which had courted and infiltrated the MFA from the very first days of the revolution, decided that the time was now right for it to seize the initiative. Much of the radical fervour that was unleashed following Spínola's coup attempt was encouraged by the PCP as part of their own agenda to infiltrate the MFA and steer the revolution in their direction.", Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, University of Coimbra〕 It was the end of the ''Estado Novo'', the longest-lived authoritarian regime in Western Europe, and the final dissolution of the Portuguese Empire. In the aftermath of the revolution a new constitution was drafted, censorship was formally prohibited, free speech declared, political prisoners were released and the Portuguese overseas territories in Sub-Saharan Africa were immediately given their independence. East Timor was also offered independence, being invaded by neighbouring Indonesia afterwards. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「carnation revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|